British Encounters with Syrian-Mesopotamian Overland Routes to India, 1751-1795 : Rethinking Enlightenment Improvement - Mohammad Sakhnini

This book argues that eighteenth-century British travel writing on the Syrian-Mesopotamian overland routes to India does more than recount encounters; it challenges Enlightenment assumptions about "improvement." As travellers moved through Syria and Mesopotamia, describing local peoples, cultures, religions, and ruins, they cast themselves as agents of knowledge and progress, presenting travel as a serious, empirical endeavour aimed at informing Britain about a region often portrayed as decayed and primitive. Yet these narratives also reveal tensions within Enlightenment thought. Encounters in the Levant prompted travellers to reflect critically on Britain's own materialism and its effects on morality, tradition, and religion. The region thus functioned not only as an object of study but as a mirror for metropolitan anxieties. By situating the Levant as a space of former grandeur and present decline, this book shows how travel writing stages a complex temporal negotiation, through which Britons reimagined the relationship between past, present, and future-and, in doing so, rethought the meaning of progress itself.